- +2
- –3
- +3
- Zero
- Gain of electrons
- Decrease in positive valency
- Loss of electrons
- Addition of electropositive element
- keeping temperature high
- using large copper electrodes
- using large zinc electrodes
- decreasing concentration of Cu-2+ ions
- sucrose
- saccharin
- aspartame
- Sucralose
- temperature
- mechanism of reaction
- molecularity
- pressure
- equal to the sum of the concentration terms in the stoichiometric equation
- equal to the sum of the concentration terms in the rate equation
- always equal to the molecularity of the reaction
- equal to the sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate equation.
- n-butane
- 2, 4-dimethyl pentane
- benzene
- 2-methyl butane
- High ionisation energy
- High electronegativity
- High charge density
- Low ionisation potential
- Permanent hardness can be removed by boiling water
- Hardness of water effects soap consumption
- Temporary hardness is due to bicarbonates of Ca and Mg
- Permanent hardness is due to the soluble SO4 2–, Cl— of Ca and Mg
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